The electrical service size is typically determined by adding up the connected loads of all electrical devices and appliances in a building. This involves estimating the total wattage (in kilowatts, kW) required to power these loads. A common rule of thumb for residential service is to use a 200-amp service for an average-sized home.How do you calculate the weight of an electrical cable? The weight of an electrical cable can be calculated by multiplying the length of the cable (in feet) by its weight per foot. How much does 10 gauge wire weigh per foot? A rough estimate for 10-gauge wire is around 0.05 pounds per foot.To convert amps (electrical current) to watts (electrical power) at a fixed voltage, you can use the equation: watts = amps × volts. Simply multiply your amps figure by the voltage. Example calculations. 15 amps × 120 volts = 1800 watts; 20 amps × 120 volts = 2400 wattsThis package was selected based on your energy needs. Please Complete Step 1. Step 3: Order Your Custom Power Station On The Next Page! Plug in your power requirements and the power calculator will help you estimate how much battery capacity you need for van life. Use this calculator to estimate your needs for a DIY campervan electrical system.Wattage in Watts / 1,000 × Hours Used × Electricity Price per kWh = Cost of Electricity. So, for example, if we have a 40 W lightbulb left on for 12 hours a day and electricity costs $.15 per kilowatt-hour, the calculation is: 40 watts / 1,000 × 12 hours × $.15/kWh = $.072. This electricity cost calculator works out how much electricity a ...An RV park electrical load calculator is a specialized computational tool designed to estimate the total electrical consumption within an RV park. By considering various appliances and their power ratings, the calculator provides an accurate estimation of the overall electrical load. This ensures proper sizing of electrical infrastructure ...A residential customer using electricity for residential purposes only. The concessionary tariff is based on bimonthly meter-readings. Benefits As an approved applicant, your first 400 units of electricity is charged at half-price. The half-price applies to the energy charge, Fuel Cost Adjustment, and Energy Saving Rebate under Residential TariffMy Electrical Calculator is a free educational and reference Android application developed by Sparkle Solutions. This app contains 45 calculators that can calculate various electrical parameters quickly and easily. It offers automatic calculations and conversions with every unit and value change. The calculated values and results can …AC Power is an alternating current electrical energy consumed by the load connected in an electrical circuit, generally measured in horsepower, watts, kilo-watts or kilo-watts-hour. Whereas, single phase electric power is the electrical energy consumed by the load from phase & neutral.Three phase electric power is also the measure of electrical energy …{{ metatags.description }}Our appliance and electronic energy use calculator allows you to estimate your annual energy use and cost to operate specific products. The wattage values provided are samples only; actual wattage of products varies depending on product age and features. Enter a wattage value for your own product for the most accurate estimate. Wattage and ...This tool was designed to help you quickly calculate the equivalent resistance of up to 6 resistors connected in parallel. To use it, just specify how many parallel resistors there are and the resistance value for each one. If you have more than 6 resistors, simply use the calculator to determine the equivalent resistance of the first 6 ... Voltage = 10 A x 2 Ω. Voltage = 20 V. Example #2 – Let’s find the power consumed by a device supplied with 5 volts and a current of 2 amps. Power = Voltage × Current. Power = 5 V × 2 A. Power = 10 W. Example #3 – Let’s find the resistance of a circuit if it consumes 20 watts of power when supplied with 5 volts. Electrical Calculators Org. Search for: Hydroelectric Power Calculator – Hydro Power Plant Formula Equation Calculator. Hydroelectric Power Calculator is a useful online calculation tool used to calculate the power generated in kilowatts and megawatts from the known values of density in kg/m 3, ...The Energy Department has a new tool that enables drivers to calculate how much they can save on fuel costs by driving a fully electric or plug-in hybrid electric …Electrical Formulas helps us to calculate the parameters related to electricals in any electrical components. Solved Examples. Example 1: A wire carrying a current of 4 Amperes is having a resistance of 5 \(\begin{array}{l}\omega\end{array} \). Calculate the potential difference across its ends.Electricity Bill Chart 2023. Latest and updated electricity tariff rate (Effective from March 2023) This chart data is issued by Ministry of Power Energy and Mineral Resources of Bangladesh. Official Link To Tariff Last Updated - …Room Cooler 250W. 0. Total load (W) *. Average running load (%) *. Our Power Consumption Calculator is easy to use & helps you know exact total load reqs for your property! Three steps & you're done. Try it now! E = P t E = P t. Where: E = Energy dissipated in a resistive element in joules. P = Power dissipated in a resistive element in watts. t = The duration of time the energy was dissipated in seconds. By definition 1 watt = 1 joule per second (1 W = 1 J/s). Similarly, you can flip that equation around and it becomes 1 joule = 1 watt for 1 second (1 ... To convert amps (electrical current) to watts (electrical power) at a fixed voltage, you can use the equation: watts = amps × volts. Simply multiply your amps figure by the voltage. Example calculations. 15 amps × 120 volts = 1800 watts; 20 amps × 120 volts = 2400 wattsTo convert amps (electrical current) to watts (electrical power) at a fixed voltage, you can use the equation: watts = amps × volts. Simply multiply your amps figure by the voltage. Example calculations. 15 amps × 120 volts = 1800 watts; 20 amps × 120 volts = 2400 wattsThe Electrical Length Calculator is a valuable tool that simplifies these calculations, making it easier for engineers and enthusiasts to fine-tune their designs. Formula: Before delving into the calculator, let’s explore the formula used to calculate electrical length: Electrical Length (in degrees) = (Physical Length / Wavelength) × 360A residential customer using electricity for residential purposes only. The concessionary tariff is based on bimonthly meter-readings. Benefits As an approved applicant, your first 400 units of electricity is charged at half-price. The half-price applies to the energy charge, Fuel Cost Adjustment, and Energy Saving Rebate under Residential TariffMar 20, 2024 · While Electrical Energy (Wh) is accumulative and represents the quantity, if you will, of electricity that has been consumed, generated, or transferred in general, Electrical Power (W) is instantaneous and represents the rate at which that Energy is being transferred. Read more about this here: The difference between kW and kWh Nov 3, 2023 · Example of Electricity Consumption Calculator. Let's put the Electricity Consumption Calculator to use with a practical example. Suppose you have a 1.5 kW air conditioner running for 4 hours a day. Using the formula, we can calculate the electricity consumption: Electricity Consumption (kWh) = 1.5 kW x 4 hours = 6 kWh Trusted Electrical Calculators & Power Systems Software. Electrotechnik is an electrical software company founded in 2009. We provide software solutions to thousands of companies all over the world in the electrical power industry. Our vision is to provide the world’s best and most innovative electrical software for engineers and electrical ... Apple's Calculator app has been conspicuous by its absence on the iPad since the tablet's launch 14 years ago. The curiosity surrounding why Apple hasn't yet included …The microstrip calculator determines the width and length of a microstrip line for a given characteristic impedance (Zo) and electrical length or vice versa. The substrate parameters (ε r and h) and the frequency of interest are required. Synthesize. Enter values for Zo and Electrical Length to determine the physical width and length of the ... Online electrical design calculators for cables, arc flash, maximum demand, motors, tranformers, generators, etc. Commercial Electrical Installation Cost Calculator. September 25, 2023 by GEGCalculators. The cost of commercial electrical installation can vary widely depending on factors like location and project complexity. On average, you might expect to pay between $3,000 to $15,000 or more for a typical small to medium-sized commercial project.Electrical Calculators Org. Search for: Hydroelectric Power Calculator – Hydro Power Plant Formula Equation Calculator. Hydroelectric Power Calculator is a useful online calculation tool used to calculate the power generated in kilowatts and megawatts from the known values of density in kg/m 3, ...The Electrical Length Calculator is a valuable tool that simplifies these calculations, making it easier for engineers and enthusiasts to fine-tune their designs. Formula: Before delving into the calculator, let’s explore the formula used to calculate electrical length: Electrical Length (in degrees) = (Physical Length / Wavelength) × 360Before we carry out our conversion, we need to convert 2.4 kilowatts into watts. 2.4KW = 2400W. We can then run through the formula... Current = Power ÷ Voltage. Current = 2400W ÷ 120V. Current = 20A. Converting watts to amps is simple, really, but if you’re feeling short-circuited after all those numbers, just use our watts to amps ...This online electrical calculator assists in identifying the appropriate gauge or size of copper or aluminum wires necessary for an electrical circuit. Cable Size formula. Single Phase. Wire Circular Mils = 2 x Specific Resistance x Amperes x Distance / (Voltage Drop / Source Voltage) Three Phase Trusted Electrical Calculators & Power Systems Software. Electrotechnik is an electrical software company founded in 2009. We provide software solutions to thousands of companies all over the world in the electrical power industry. Our vision is to provide the world’s best and most innovative electrical software for engineers and electrical ... Cable Pro Web. Cable sizing and maximum demand software in the cloud. No installation, use on any device. Try For Free. This calculator determines minimum cable size using the method described by the Australian Standard AS/NZS 3008.1.1 and uses the accurate voltage drop method.Mar 6, 2024 · Multiply the appliance’s wattage and estimated monthly use to find watt-hours consumed. Divide watt-hours consumed by 1,000 to find the appliance’s total kilowatt-hours consumed. Add the monthly electricity consumption of all your appliances together to find your total electricity usage. Calculating your electricity bill by hand takes more ... Calculate and convert different electrical units and parameters with these online electrical calculators. You can use them to convert AMP, volt, kVA, kW, dBm, dBW, electric current, resistance, capacitance, electric charge, electric power, farad, inductance, ohm and more. My Electrical Calculator is a free educational and reference Android application developed by Sparkle Solutions. This app contains 45 calculators that can calculate various electrical parameters quickly and easily. It offers automatic calculations and conversions with every unit and value change. The calculated values and results can …These electrical and electronics engineering calculators are to help electronics/circuit designers to solve complex equations and calculations quickly. LC Tank Circuit …Cable Pro Web. Cable sizing and maximum demand software in the cloud. No installation, use on any device. Try For Free. This calculator determines minimum cable size using the method described by the Australian Standard AS/NZS 3008.1.1 and uses the accurate voltage drop method.Below is the AC single phase amps to watts calculation formula used by our AC wattage calculator: P = PF × I × U. where: P – Power or wattage; PF – Power factor; I – Electrical current; and. U – Voltage. This formula means that the wattage equals the power factor multiplied by the current multiplied by the voltage.Find and use various calculators for electrical engineering and electronics, such as resistor color code, ideal diode, instrumentation amplifier, and more. Learn how to calculate resistance, current, voltage, …MacRumors reports that a built-in Calculator app for iPadOS 18 is on the way. By Emma Roth , a news writer who covers the streaming wars, consumer tech, crypto, …Electrical Contractors, Designers, Electricians and Lighting Specialists calculate tough electrical calculations in seconds and deliver those solutions in conformance with the latest NEC®. The ElectriCalc Pro calculator is a complete electrical reference tool that will save time, trouble and money—this calc will quickly become an …Estimate of time used: The shredder is used for about 15 minutes per day (0.25 hour). 2. Wattage: The wattage is not listed on the label, but the electrical current draw is listed at 3 amperes. 120V × 3A = 360W. 3. Daily energy consumption: 360 W … Current is the rate of electric charges moving through a conductor. Electrical power is the product of voltage and current. DC Circuit Power Calculator - Power Electronics Calculators and Tools Energy Cost Calculation. The energy cost per day in dollars is equal to the energy consumption E in kWh per day times the energy cost of 1 kWh in cents/kWh divided by 100 cents per dollar: Cost ($/day) = E(kWh/day) × Cost (cent/kWh) / 100 (cent/$) Calculate and estimate your energy costs effortlessly with RapidTables.info's Energy Cost Calculator.To calculate the electrical load in Kwh, we need to know the total number of watts used and the number of hours that those watts are used per day as obtained in previous steps. The formula for calculating Kwh is as follows: Kwh = (Wattage * Usage Hours) / 1000. In this case the electrical load estimate is 65.7 Kwh.Electricity cost calculations for common household appliances. Let's consider some more example calculations for common household appliances. We'll continue to assume electricity costs $0.20 per unit or kWh. If we use a kettle, portable heater or dishwasher rated at 1.5KW for one hour per day it would cost: 1500W/h x 1 / 1000 x $0.20 = 30c per ...1-16 of 160 results for "electric calculator" Did you mean electronic calculator. Results. Casio HR-170RC Plus, Min-Desktop Printing Calculator (New Version of The HR-100TM) 4.6 out of 5 stars 3,771. 1K+ bought in past month. $30.94 $ 30. 94. List: $54.99 $54.99. FREE delivery Sun, Dec 24 on $35 of items shipped by Amazon.Then it is essential to use an electrical wire size calculator before choosing a wire. Wire Size Chart: A wire size chart designed to specify the Diameter and Area in AWG. You can identify the area and diameter in inches and meters of 0 to 10-gauge wire. Future estimation of various AWG implies electrical wire calculators.See full list on calculator.net The Watt calculator finds the electrical power of a circuit using the given values. Electrical power is given by. P = V ⋅ I P = Electrical power V = Voltage I = Current. Step 2: Click the blue arrow to submit. Choose "Find the Power" from the topic selector and click to see the result in our Physics Calculator! Examples: Find the PowerLearn Basic Electrical Engineering, Protection Switch gear, relays, Online Calculator, Electrical - Get More Electrical Knowledge with easy English, Electrical CalculatorElectrical Calculation Tools. Version 5.1.0. View Update. Whether you are designing a new installation, expanding an existing one or doing maintenance, Electrical Calculation Tools is a suite of online tools for a quick Protection device Selection, Selectivity Checking and Cable Calculation. Protections.Our appliance and electronic energy use calculator allows you to estimate your annual energy use and cost to operate specific products. The wattage values provided are samples only; actual wattage of products varies depending on product age and features. Enter a wattage value for your own product for the most accurate estimate. Wattage and ...Use our online electrical conversion calculator to easily transition between different units of power, current, frequency, & more. Improve your electrical job …Use our Electrical Work Calculator to easily calculate the work done by an electric current, taking into account voltage, resistance, power, and energy. Perfect for students …Calculate the power and energy consumed by an electrical system using voltage, current, resistance, or time. Learn the equations and formulas for Ohm's law and Joule's law, …The electricity calculator app contains solar plants calculation for your home, office or any residential building. If you know the total load of your home, then put the required values to calculate the size of inverter, batteries and solar panels. The kwh calculator also contains the generator design for your home, residential building ...My Electrical Calculator is a free educational and reference Android application developed by Sparkle Solutions. This app contains 45 calculators that can calculate various electrical parameters quickly and easily. It offers automatic calculations and conversions with every unit and value change. The calculated values and results can …Electricity Bill Calculator UK. Welcome to Electricity Bill Calculator UK. We are the leading online energy bill calculator to work out electricity cost and estimate KWh usage from meter readings or a recent utility bill from your energy supplier. Enter your previous and current meter readings below and click the ‘Calculate’ button to get an advanced … For homes over 2,000 square feet, your electricity use may be higher. As a general reference, here are estimated monthly kWh usage ranges based on home size: 2,500 sq ft – 1,250 to 2,500 kWh. 3,000 sq ft – 1,500 to 3,000 kWh. 3,500 sq ft – 1,750 to 3,500 kWh. 4,000 sq ft – 2,000 to 4,000 kWh. 4,500 sq ft – 2,250 to 4,500 kWh. Power Consumption (Annual) = Power Usage (Watts) x Time (Hours) x 365 (Days) Example: A 1700 Watts Electric kettle runs for 1 hours daily. Calculate the energy consumption in Wh and kWh in one year. Annual power usage in Wh = 1700W x 1 Hours x 365 days= 620500 Wh / year. Annual power usage in kWh = 620500 Wh /1000 = 620.5 kWh / year.Before we carry out our conversion, we need to convert 2.4 kilowatts into watts. 2.4KW = 2400W. We can then run through the formula... Current = Power ÷ Voltage. Current = 2400W ÷ 120V. Current = 20A. Converting watts to amps is simple, really, but if you’re feeling short-circuited after all those numbers, just use our watts to amps ...MacRumors reports that a built-in Calculator app for iPadOS 18 is on the way. By Emma Roth , a news writer who covers the streaming wars, consumer tech, crypto, …To use the calculator for appliance electricity cost: Add an appliance from the list using the add button. Enter the power rating for the added appliance. Insert the quantity of the said appliance. Fill in the runtime per day of the appliance. Repeat the steps from 1 to 4 for different appliances. Enter the unit cost (per kWh) for the ...This could cause the plug in the wall socket to overheat and possibly cause a fire. Use our overload calculator (below) to check if you’re exceeding the maximum load. The Socket Calculator has been brought to you by Electrical Safety First. For more safety information visit https://www.electricalsafetyfirst.org.uk.2. Commercial: Avg. electricity bill is Rs. 10 to 20 per units including all charges. Note: The accuracy rate of this calculator is up to 95%, we are working on it to improve it's accuracy rate. If you have any specific query, you can contact with support team via email: [email protected] or call: 8750 77 88 00.Estimate of time used: The shredder is used for about 15 minutes per day (0.25 hour). 2. Wattage: The wattage is not listed on the label, but the electrical current draw is listed at 3 amperes. 120V × 3A = 360W. 3. Daily energy consumption: 360 W …Air conditioner power consumption calculator is used to calculate the bill cost for any AC either it is 1 ton, 1.5 ton, 2 ton or of any value. Enter the ton/BTU of AC, daily operating hours and cost per unit. Daily, monthly, and yearly cost will be calculated.Desk Calculator 12 Digit Extra Large 4.3-Inch LCD Display, Two Way Power Battery and Solar Calculators Desktop, Big Buttons Easy to Press Used as Office Calculators for Desk. 4.4 out of 5 stars. 2,191. 1K+ bought in past month. $13.99 $ 13. 99. 5% coupon applied at checkout Save 5% with coupon.The Residential Electrical Load Calculator is Pre-Loaded with electrical information for you to chose from. Click on the Question Mark Buttons for more specific information relating to each section and entry. Step 2. Appliances and Motor Type Loads are typically larger equipment used in the kitchen, laundry room, garage.Electrical power is the transfer rate of electrical energy per time unit. We denote the electrical power by P P P, and its unit is the watt (W) or joules per second (J/s). The power needed by home appliances generally ranges from 10 W (an LED light bulb) to over 3 kW (hair dryers or electric heaters). Let's now see how to calculate electrical ...Calculate Electricity Usage. Energy Use Calculator offers electricity usage calculators for various devices. Allowing you to calculate the electrical cost of your home appliances, and helping you save power consumption costs. To find the energy cost of your appliance, select a device from the list below. LED Light Bulb. CFL Light Bulb.Electrical calculations should be made for all projects that include electrical components and should be filed in the project notebook. Electrical Design Calculations Needed For Projects. Design calculations may be made either manually or by computer programs. At a minimum, the following types of calculations should be …Oct 21, 2022 · Voltage, Current, Power, Resistance, Circuit analysis, and more. These online calculators are useful for professionals, students, and electrical enthusiasts as well. They can do everything from simple Ohm’s Law calculations to complex formulas for motors and transformers. Whether you need to find electrical parameters, solve network analysis ... Online electrical calculators for calculations of electricity and electronics. Amps to kW calculator. Amps to kVA calculator. Amps to VA calculator. Amps to volts calculator. Amps to watts calculator. Electricity bill calculator. Energy consumption calculator. Energy cost calculator.
Estimate of time used: The shredder is used for about 15 minutes per day (0.25 hour). 2. Wattage: The wattage is not listed on the label, but the electrical current draw is listed at 3 amperes. 120V × 3A = 360W. 3. Daily energy consumption: 360 W …. Customise chrome browser
The formula used for this calculation is as simple as it is effective: Electrical Load (in watts) = Quantity of Devices × Power Rating of Each Device. "Quantity of Devices" refers to the total number of electrical devices in the building, and "Power Rating of Each Device" is the amount of electrical power each device consumes when operating at ...The electrical calculation app contains all types of information that electrical engineers require, like electrical formulas for voltage, current, and efficiency, all available in the electrical calculation app. We can use an electrical calculator that makes sure to calculate the particular electrical quantities. Using an electronic calculator ...Dec 22, 2023 · To manually calculate your power consumption, use this formula: Calculate the watts your devices and appliances use per day. Add up the total amount of watts. Convert the watts to kilowatts. There are 1,000 watts in one kilowatt. Estimate the cost by multiplying monthly kilowatts by your electric rate. Wattage in Watts / 1,000 × Hours Used × Electricity Price per kWh = Cost of Electricity. So, for example, if we have a 40 W lightbulb left on for 12 hours a day and electricity costs $.15 per kilowatt-hour, the calculation is: 40 watts / 1,000 × 12 hours × $.15/kWh = $.072. This electricity cost calculator works out how much electricity a ...The Watt calculator finds the electrical power of a circuit using the given values. Electrical power is given by. P = V ⋅ I P = Electrical power V = Voltage I = Current. Step 2: Click the blue arrow to submit. Choose "Find the Power" from the topic selector and click to see the result in our Physics Calculator! Examples: Find the PowerAccording to Ohm's Law, power can also be calculated using P = I 2R P = I 2 R or P = V 2 R P = V 2 R. This is why electrical power transmission lines use higher voltages because it will result in less power loss due to heating. Another application is found in a common kitchen appliance: the toaster. Toasters heat bread by passing current to a ...Apple's Calculator app has been conspicuous by its absence on the iPad since the tablet's launch 14 years ago. The curiosity surrounding why Apple hasn't yet included …Electrical power is the transfer rate of electrical energy per time unit. We denote the electrical power by P P P, and its unit is the watt (W) or joules per second (J/s). The power needed by home appliances generally ranges from 10 W (an LED light bulb) to over 3 kW (hair dryers or electric heaters). Let's now see how to calculate electrical ...Power Calculator. Power consumption calculator: calculates electric power / voltage / current / resistance. DC power calculator. AC power calculator. Energy & power …The microstrip calculator determines the width and length of a microstrip line for a given characteristic impedance (Zo) and electrical length or vice versa. The substrate parameters (ε r and h) and the frequency of interest are required. Synthesize. Enter values for Zo and Electrical Length to determine the physical width and length of the ...Online electrical calculators for calculations of electricity and electronics. Amps to kW calculator. Amps to kVA calculator. Amps to VA calculator. Amps to volts calculator. …American wire gauge size calculator and chart. Wire gauge calculations Wire diameter calculations. The n gauge wire diameter d n in inches (in) is equal to 0.005in times 92 raised to the power of 36 minus gauge number n, divided by 39:. d n (in) = 0.005 in × 92 (36-n)/39. The n gauge wire diameter d n in millimeters (mm) is equal to 0.127mm times 92 …Electrical calculations should be made for all projects that include electrical components and should be filed in the project notebook. Electrical Design Calculations Needed For Projects. Design calculations may be made either manually or by computer programs. At a minimum, the following types of calculations should be … Calculate and convert different electrical units and parameters with these online electrical calculators. You can use them to convert AMP, volt, kVA, kW, dBm, dBW, electric current, resistance, capacitance, electric charge, electric power, farad, inductance, ohm and more. Circuit breakers breaking capacity is the rated RMS value of current that a CB can break at the rated voltage. List of Contents Calculator Formula Breaking capacity (B.C) = 1.732 * V * I * 10-6 Where 1.732 = √3 represents a multiplier for three phase circuits B.C is always expressed in terms of MVA. Where …AC Power is an alternating current electrical energy consumed by the load connected in an electrical circuit, generally measured in horsepower, watts, kilo-watts or kilo-watts-hour. Whereas, single phase electric power is the electrical energy consumed by the load from phase & neutral.Three phase electric power is also the measure of electrical energy …Click on the appropriate electrical engineering calculator tool below to perform basic electrical engineering calculations like: short circuits, transformer fault currents, substation physical electrical clearances, cable voltage drop, power factor corrections, full motor load , conductor ampacity, grounding, lighting design, solar power systems, and more.For example, let’s calculate the wire size of a 100-meter-long copper wire for a single-phase circuit when it must supply 30 amps of current with a 10 V voltage drop allowed: A (mm²) = 2 × 1.7241×10-8 Ω·m × 100 m × 30 A / 10 V × 1,000,000 A (mm²) = 10.3446×10-6 m² × 1,000,000 A (mm²) = 10.3446 mm². By comparing the size to the list of AWG wire sizes in … Electricity cost calculation. The electricity cost per day in dollars is equal to the energy consumption E in kWh per day times the energy cost of 1 kWh in cents/kWh divided by 100 cents per dollar: Cost ($/day) = E(kWh/day) × Cost (cent/kWh) / 100 (cent/$) See also. Energy consumption calculator. How to save electricity. Mar 6, 2024 · Multiply the appliance’s wattage and estimated monthly use to find watt-hours consumed. Divide watt-hours consumed by 1,000 to find the appliance’s total kilowatt-hours consumed. Add the monthly electricity consumption of all your appliances together to find your total electricity usage. Calculating your electricity bill by hand takes more ... .